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Although the magnitude of the change was less, this study confirms the results of previous studies in adults showing an increase in tissue oxygenation following regional blockade. ""The aim was to assess the validity of the Computer Face Scale. Forty children (5�C13?years old) rated pain and mood prior to and twice following tonsillectomy. The children used click here the Computer Face Scale to adjust a cartoon face to rate pain and mood. During sessions one and two, the children also chose an expression on the Wong-Baker Faces Scale to rate their pain, and they reported their mood verbally on a seven-point scale. On average, the children reported no pain and a positive mood prior to surgery. Soon after surgery, they reported mild pain and a slightly negative mood. An hour later, they reported decreases in pain and return to a positive mood. The differences between presurgery and postsurgery ratings were statistically significant (P?��?0.001) for all measures. The correlation between the two mood measures was 0.88 before surgery and 0.78 afterward. The correlation between the two measures of pain was 0.83 after surgery (P's PD173074 mouse more resolution and electronic capture, which may provide GUCY1B3 advantages in numerous clinical and research applications. ""Objectives:? To examine the role of ethnicity and language in parental desire and motivation to be present for children��s anesthesia induction. Aim:? To compare motivation for parental presence at induction of anesthesia (PPIA) between English- and Spanish-speaking White and Hispanic parents of children undergoing outpatient surgery. Background:? The effectiveness of PPIA may depend, in part, on parental motivation and desire to be present at children��s anesthesia induction; however, cultural variables such as ethnicity and language have not previously been explored in this relationship. Methods/Materials:? Participants included 258 parents of children undergoing outpatient surgery and general anesthesia. Parents were grouped by self-reported ethnicity and primary language spoken into English-speaking White (ESW, n?=?55), English-speaking Hispanic (ESH, n?=?108), and Spanish-speaking Hispanic (SPH, n?=?95) groups. Measures included the Motivation for Parental Presence during Induction of Anesthesia (MPPIA) and a 4-item measure of preference for PPIA. Results:? The majority of parents (73%) expressed a preference for PPIA. Analyses controlling for group differences in socioeconomic status and demographic variables revealed that English- (P?=?0.03) and Spanish-speaking (P?=?0.